This paper presents an investigation of the fluid viscosity properties that affect the Low-Velocity Excessive-Torque (LSHT) efficiency of hydraulic motors. Low velocity torque effectivity is essential because it usually determines the minimal displacement (dimension) and working strain of cellular hydraulic tools. The viscosity, viscosity index, excessive-shear viscosity, piezoviscosity and shear stability of prototype fluids have been characterized. These hydraulic fluids have been evaluated in a full-scale hydraulic motor dynamometer. Geroler, axial piston and radial piston motors have been evaluated. Low-speed (1 RPM) testing has been carried out below fixed strain circumstances in accordance with the ISO 4392-1 customary test technique. Startability testing has been carried out underneath fixed load circumstances in accordance with ISO 4392-2. In startability and 1 RPM testing, the axial piston motor exhibited a 6 p.c efficiency acquire with a high viscosity index hydraulic fluid. The radial piston and Geroler Motor motors confirmed less of an enchancment. The outcomes of this investigation reveal that top VI fluids enhance the torque output of axial piston motors under startup and LSHT circumstances.
Massa gained easily at Interlagos, to the delight of the hometown crowd, not to say Jean Todt. Alonso came second, adopted by teammate Giancarlo Fisichella, then Schmacher and Raikkonnen. For the season, Michael finished second in the driver’s standings with 121 factors to Alonso’s 134. Massa was third with 80, besting Fisichella (72) and Raikkonnen (65). Within the constructor’s derby, the Scuderia was doubtless relieved to close the gap with Renault, ending simply 5 points behind (201 to 206).
Sky wore a Saturn face on an all-steel physique that was 4 inches longer than the Pontiac’s however with the same basic look. It also sported a spiffier cockpit and a $23,000 base worth, about $3000 upstream of its sibling. That was owed to no-price antilock brakes, air conditioning, cruise management and power windows/door locks, all choices for Solstice.
In 1935, when «senior» manufacturing was consolidated to make room for the brand new high-volume One Twenty, the Twelve gained a stroked 473-cid engine with 175 bhp, and shifted to 139- and 144-inch wheelbases. Tremendous Eights provided related body types on those self same chassis, as well as a trim 132-inch platform. Custom our bodies thinned shortly as coachbuilders either went bankrupt or have been purchased out, but a number of had been all the time listed via 1942.
