– Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines by Modi and Seth

– Open Channel circulation by V.T.Chow

– Open Channel stream by Okay. Subramanya

– Elements of Open channel movement by Ranga Raju

– A text of Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr R.Okay. Bansal

– Fluid Mechanics and Fluid machines by Narayana Pillai

– Fluid mechanics and fluid machines by Rajput

– The Second Version of Hydraulic Machines: Turbines and Pumps by Grigori Krivchenko

– Pumps as Turbines: Fundamentals and Applications by Carravetta, Armando, Derakhshan Houreh, Shahram, Ramos, and Helena M

– The Second Edition of Pumps as Turbines: A User’s Guide by Arthur Williams

– The Third Version of Centrifugal Pumps by H.H Anderson

– Efficiency Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbines and Pumps by American Society of Mechanical Engineers

– Vertical Turbine, Blended Stream, and Propeller Pumps by John L. Dicmas

– The Fourth Version of Pump Handbook by Igor J. Karassik, Joseph P. Messina, Paul Cooper, and Charles C. Heald

– Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-Turbines by American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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Accurate measurement and tracking of parameters like temperature, strain, and stream are essential to plant safety and efficiency. Info collected at specific measuring factors can be used to:

Avoid Metallurgical Failures: Temperatures should be maintained below components’ melting factors so as to avoid metallurgical failure. Too-high temperatures can also lead to creep deformation within the rotating blades.Determine Efficiency and Performance: Calculate the effectivity of the turbine by understanding the inlet and exit temperatures, as properly because the movement charge on the nozzle. When a turbine exhaust is used as heat enter to a steam cycle, engineers can also estimate the efficiency of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) through the use of the temperature and станки для проверки турбин flow measurement of the turbine exhaust.Detect Inefficiencies: Excessive exhaust temperatures and circulate adjustments can be signs of an upset mode of turbine operation. If a circulate measurement system picks up irregularities, the plant operator can perform a diagnostic to determine the underlying causes.Calculate Residual Life: Tracking temperatures over time allows To calculate how a lot life the component has left and to plan upkeep and replacements.

Course of Surveillance – What & Where?